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第一次世界大战期间的德国

维基百科,自由的百科全书

第一次世界大戰期間,德意志帝國是最终战败的同盟國之一。 在盟國奧匈帝國塞爾維亞宣戰之後,它開始參與大战。除了1914年東普魯士入侵的短暫時期之外,德國本土在大部分时间中仍相對免受廣泛入侵。皇家海軍实施的嚴密封鎖導致了德国城市的嚴重食物短缺,尤其是在1916-17年冬季。戰爭結束時,德國的失敗和廣泛的民眾不滿引發了1918-19年的德國革命,这场革命最终推翻了君主制並建立了魏瑪共和國

1914年,與歐洲其他國家的人民類似,德國人民以復雜的情緒應對戰爭爆發。最近的研究挑戰了人们普遍怀有熱情(1914年精神)的理论[1]。由容克地主統治的德國政府將戰爭視為結束被敵對國家法國俄羅斯英國包圍的一種方式。外交大臣伯恩哈德·馮·比洛指出,戰爭是为了使該國獲得“太陽下的一席之地”,公眾普遍的民族主義很容易支持這一點。德國當局希望戰爭能夠使公眾作为君主制國家團結起來,並減輕由德國社會民主黨的迅速發展所帶來的威脅,德國社會民主黨曾是戰前德國帝国议会中最有影响力的政党。儘管德國社會民主黨加入了第二國際,但它結束了與帝國政府的分歧,放棄了國際主義原則,反而來支持戰爭。

事情很快证明,德國沒有為這場持續數月之久的戰爭做好準備。最初,在德国戰時基礎上沒有採取任何措施來調節經濟。而且在整個戰爭中,德國戰爭經濟的組織狀況仍然很糟糕。德國依賴食品和原材料的進口,但这由於英國對德國的封鎖而被迫终止。首先限制糧食價格,然後實行定量配給。1915年,德国为了生產糧食和保存穀物,猪猡屠杀中屠殺了500萬頭豬。 1916/17年的冬天被稱為“蘿蔔冬天”,因為馬鈴薯收成不好,人們开始吃動物的食物,包括品蘿蔔。在1914年8月至1919年中旬的戰爭中,由於營養不良,疲憊不堪,疾病和絕望率高而導致的平民死亡人數約有474,000人[2][3]

参考资料

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  1. ^ Jeffrey Verhey, The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany (Cambridge U.P., 2000).
  2. ^ N.P. Howard, "The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany, 1918-19," German History (1993), 11#2, pp. 161-88 online页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) p. 166, with 271,000 excess deaths in 1918 and 71,000 in 1919.
  3. ^ Hew Strachan. World War 1需要免费注册. Oxford University Press. 1998: 125. ISBN 9780198206149. 

延伸阅读

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军事

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  • Cross, Wilbur, Zeppelins of World War I, 1991, ISBN 978-1-55778-382-0 
  • Herwig, Holger H. The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918 (1996), mostly military
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  • Morrow, John. German Air Power in World War I (U. of Nebraska Press, 1982); Contains design and production figures, as well as economic influences.
  • Sheldon, Jack. The German Army on the Somme: 1914 - 1916. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books Ltd. 2005. ISBN 978-1-84415-269-8. 

The militarism mean the countries need to develop military or army levels From 1880 to 1914,the military expenditure of the six bog powers(viz.Germany,Russia,Austria,Italy,France,and Britain)

国内战线

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  • Broadberry, Stephen and Mark Harrison, eds. The Economics of World War I (2005) ISBN 0-521-85212-9. Covers France, UK, USA, Russia, Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Netherlands
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  • Verhey, Jeffrey. The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth, and Mobilization in Germany (2006) excerpt页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
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一手资料

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外部链接

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