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细胞内寄生物

维基百科,自由的百科全书

细胞内寄生物(英语:intracellular parasite)是指一类寄生于宿主细胞中生长、繁殖的微生物,可分为兼性(facultative)和专性(obligate)寄生物。此术语含盖任何生物和病毒;若为细菌,又称胞内寄生菌

部分细胞内寄生物会导致相关疾病的发生。

兼性寄生物

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兼性寄生物可以在胞内寄生,于胞外也可以存活[1]

属于兼性寄生物的细菌举例如下:

属于兼性寄生物的真菌举例如下:

专性寄生物

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扫描电镜下拍摄的肺部寄生的刚地弓形虫Toxoplasma gondii

专性寄生物只能在寄生细胞内存活,生活完全依赖于宿主细胞内的资源。

专性寄生物有:

对专性寄生物的研究难度较高,因为他们通常不能在宿主外增殖。2009年,研究人员发现Q型流感的病原体贝氏柯克斯体英语Coxiella burnetiiCoxiella burnetii)可以在一种无菌培养基上培养。他们在论文中提出,这种技术也许亦可以应用在其他病原体上[18]

值得一提的是,内共生理论认为,线粒体最初也是寄生于细胞内的专性寄生物,但最后发展成了共生关系乃至成为细胞器[19]

营养

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细胞内寄生物主要依靠宿主细胞的能量生长繁殖,他们尤其需要在脱离宿主细胞时难以获取的营养物质。兼性细胞内寄生物嗜肺军团菌Legionella pneumophila)目前是研究细胞内寄生物获取宿主细胞营养的标准研究模型。目前的研究表明,嗜肺军团菌通过促进宿主细胞蛋白自我分解或通过蛋白酶体分解,将这些蛋白质变为氨基酸。嗜肺军团菌可以用这些氨基酸作为碳源和主要的能量来源[20]

敏感性

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T细胞功能受损的人群(如AIDS患者)较难清除侵入体内的病原性细胞内寄生物[21]

参见

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参考

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